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Updates: 

Update 10 to Geopolitical Entities and Codes (formerly FIPS 10-4) is dated 2012-12-31. It adds Ādaži to the list of novadi and assigns it a code. I have already reported that same code for that same novads. This is a case where the board is reconciling changes made in one place but not in another.

ISO 3166-2 Newsletter II-3 is dated 2011-12-15. For Latvia, it assigns codes to the new novadi, including the newest, Mērsraga. Update 8 to Geopolitical Entities and Codes, the successor to FIPS standard 10-4, is dated 2012-05-01. It assigns a code to Mērsraga.

Update 2 to "Geopolitical Entities and Codes" was published on 2010-11-30. In Latvia, it provides FIPS codes for the new novadi. The FIPS codes for several republican cities remain unchanged.

I had listed Tadaiķi as the capital of Durbe municipality, and Murjāņi as the capital of Sēja. Roger Pountain reports that the capitals are now Durbe and Loja, respectively. This seems to be correct. I don't remember where my original data came from, so I can't tell whether they were wrong, or the capitals shifted between then and now.

On 2009-07-01, Latvia reorganized its territory, replacing the 26 districts and 7 cities with 109 municipalities and 9 cities. Valentin Arzoumanian provided most of the data for the new divisions, with additional information from Sorin Cosoveanu and Tom Kirk. The Geohive  website has some of the same data, attributed to the Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia and the Central Election Commission of Latvia.

Erratum: In "Administrative Divisions of Countries", page 214, the ISO codes for two districts were inadvertently switched. The correct codes appear in the table under Change history.

Country overview: 

Short name	LATVIA
ISO code	LV
FIPS code	LG
Language	Latvian (lv)
Time zone	+2 ~
Capital	Riga

 

Latvia in 1900 was part of the Russian Empire. On 1918-11-18, it declared its independence, with essentially its present borders. Latvia was occupied by the army of the Soviet Union in 1940, and became a constituent republic of the U.S.S.R. - the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic - on 1940-08-05. The United States never recognized the annexation. Latvia declared independence again, this time from a crumbling Soviet Union, on 1991-08-21.

Other names of country: 

1. Danish: Lettland, Letland
2. Dutch: Letland, Republiek Letland (formal)
3. English: Republic of Latvia (formal)
4. Finnish: Latvia
5. French: Lettonie f
6. German: Lettland n
7. Icelandic: Lettland
8. Italian: Lettonia f
9. Latvian: Latvija, Latvijas Republika (formal)
10. Norwegian: Latvia, Republikken Latvia (formal)
11. Portuguese: Letónia, Letônia (Brazil), República f da Letónia f (formal)
12. Russian: Латвийская Республика (formal), Латвия
13. Spanish: Letonia
14. Swedish: Lettland
15. Turkish: Letonya Cumhuriyeti (formal)

Origin of name: 

from ethnic name, possibly from Latve River near Vilnius

Primary subdivisions: 

Latvia is divided into 110 novadi (sing. novads: amalgamated municipalities) and 9 pilsētas (sing. pilsēta: republican cities).

Municipality	Typ	HASC	ISO	FIPS	NUTS	Population	Area(km.²)	Area(mi.²)	Capital	Former
Ādaži	n	LV.AD	011	LG34	LV007	9,342	163	63	Ādaži	LV.RG
Aglona	n	LV.AG	001	LG35	LV005	4,561	393	152	Aglona	LV.PR
Aizkraukle	n	LV.AK	002	LG36	LV009	10,080	102	39	Aizkraukle	LV.AI
Aizpute	n	LV.AZ	003	LG37	LV003	10,517	640	247	Aizpute	LV.LP
Aknīste	n	LV.AN	004	LG38	LV009	3,303	285	110	Aknīste	LV.JK
Aloja	n	LV.AJ	005	LG39	LV007	6,152	631	244	Aloja	LV.LM
Alsunga	n	LV.AS	006	LG40	LV003	1,688	190	73	Alsunga	LV.KU
Alūksne	n	LV.AE	007	LG41	LV008	19,558	1,700	656	Alūksnē	LV.AL
Amata	n	LV.AM	008	LG42	LV008	6,369	742	286	Drabeši	LV.CE
Ape	n	LV.AP	009	LG43	LV008	4,379	545	210	Ape	LV.AL
Auce	n	LV.AU	010	LG44	LV009	8,772	518	200	Auce	LV.DO
Babīte	n	LV.BB	012	LG45	LV007	8,865	242	93	Piņķi	LV.RG
Baldone	n	LV.BD	013	LG46	LV007	5,502	179	69	Baldone	LV.RG
Baltinava	n	LV.BA	014	LG47	LV005	1,387	185	71	Baltinava	LV.BL
Balvi	n	LV.BV	015	LG48	LV005	15,834	1,045	403	Balvi	LV.BL
Bauska	n	LV.BK	016	LG49	LV009	28,421	785	303	Bauska	LV.BU
Beverīna	n	LV.BE	017	LG50	LV008	3,567	302	117	Kauguri	LV.VM
Brocēni	n	LV.BR	018	LG51	LV003	7,215	499	192	Brocēni	LV.SA
Burtnieki	n	LV.BT	019	LG52	LV008	8,657	710	274	Matīši	LV.VM
Carnikava	n	LV.CR	020	LG53	LV007	6,261	80	31	Carnikava	LV.RG
Cēsis	n	LV.CS	022	LG54	LV008	19,977	172	66	Cēsis	LV.CE
Cesvaine	n	LV.CV	021	LG55	LV008	3,172	191	74	Cesvaine	LV.MA
Cibla	n	LV.CI	023	LG56	LV005	3,410	509	197	Cibla	LV.LU
Dagda	n	LV.DD	024	LG57	LV005	9,559	949	366	Dagda	LV.KR
Daugavpils	n	LV.DP	025	LG58	LV005	28,733	1,878	725	Daugavpils	LV.DG
Daugavpils	r	LV.DV	DGV	LG06	LV005	104,809	72	28	Daugavpils	LV.DV
Dobele	n	LV.DB	026	LG59	LV009	24,521	890	344	Dobele	LV.DO
Dundaga	n	LV.DN	027	LG60	LV003	4,878	676	261	Dundaga	LV.TA
Durbe	n	LV.DR	028	LG61	LV003	3,484	321	124	Durbe	LV.LP
Engure	n	LV.EN	029	LG62	LV007	8,058	398	154	Smārde	LV.TU
Ērgļi	n	LV.ER	030	LG63	LV008	3,570	380	147	Ērgļi	LV.MA
Garkalne	n	LV.GA	031	LG64	LV007	6,722	151	58	Rīga	LV.RG
Grobiņa	n	LV.GR	032	LG65	LV003	10,154	490	189	Grobiņa	LV.LP
Gulbene	n	LV.GU	033	LG66	LV008	25,546	1,876	724	Gulbene	LV.GU
Iecava	n	LV.IE	034	LG67	LV009	9,845	312	120	Iecava	LV.BU
Ikšķile	n	LV.IK	035	LG68	LV007	8,346	132	51	Ikšķile	LV.OG
Ilūkste	n	LV.IL	036	LG69	LV005	9,231	648	250	Ilūkstē	LV.DG
Inčukalns	n	LV.IN	037	LG70	LV007	8,504	112	43	Inčukalns	LV.RG
Jaunjelgava	n	LV.JJ	038	LG71	LV009	6,543	685	264	Jaunjelgava	LV.AI
Jaunpiebalga	n	LV.JA	039	LG72	LV008	2,721	251	97	Jaunpiebalga	LV.CE
Jaunpils	n	LV.JU	040	LG73	LV007	2,814	210	81	Jaunpils	LV.TU
Jēkabpils	n	LV.JP	042	LG75	LV009	5,866	906	350	Jēkabpils	LV.JK
Jēkabpils	r	LV.JB	JKB	LG74	LV009	26,573	26	10	Jēkabpils	LV.JK
Jelgava	n	LV.JL	041	LG76	LV009	27,276	1,319	509	Jelgava	LV.JG
Jelgava	r	LV.JE	JEL	LG11	LV009	65,597	60	23	Jelgava	LV.JE
Jūrmala	r	LV.JM	JUR	LG13	LV007	56,054	100	39	Jūrmala	LV.JM
Kandava	n	LV.KN	043	LG77	LV007	10,057	651	251	Kandava	LV.TU
Kārsava	n	LV.KA	044	LG78	LV005	7,128	628	243	Kārsava	LV.LU
Ķegums	n	LV.KG	051	LG79	LV007	6,386	492	190	Ķegums	LV.OG
Ķekava	n	LV.KK	052	LG80	LV007	20,945	270	104	Ķekava	LV.RG
Kocēnu	n	LV.VR	045	LG81	LV008	7,031	498	192	Kocēni	LV.VM
Koknese	n	LV.KO	046	LG82	LV009	6,091	361	139	Koknese	LV.AI
Krāslava	n	LV.KS	047	LG83	LV005	20,217	1,078	416	Krāslava	LV.KR
Krimulda	n	LV.KM	048	LG84	LV007	5,803	339	131	Ragana	LV.RG
Krustpils	n	LV.KT	049	LG85	LV009	6,827	812	314	Jēkabpils	LV.JK
Kuldīga	n	LV.KD	050	LG86	LV003	27,430	1,757	678	Kuldīga	LV.KU
Lielvārde	n	LV.LL	053	LG87	LV007	11,466	226	87	Lielvārde	LV.OG
Liepāja	r	LV.LJ	LPX	LG16	LV003	85,121	60	23	Liepāja	LV.LJ
Līgatne	n	LV.LG	055	LG88	LV008	4,063	168	65	Līgatne	LV.CE
Limbaži	n	LV.LI	054	LG89	LV007	19,728	1,171	452	Limbaži	LV.LM
Līvāni	n	LV.LV	056	LG90	LV005	14,292	625	241	Līvāni	LV.PR
Lubāna	n	LV.LB	057	LG91	LV008	2,881	347	134	Lubāna	LV.MA
Ludza	n	LV.LZ	058	LG92	LV005	15,986	965	373	Ludza	LV.LU
Madona	n	LV.MD	059	LG93	LV008	28,110	2,153	831	Madona	LV.MA
Mālpils	n	LV.ML	061	LG94	LV007	4,103	221	85	Mālpils	LV.RG
Mārupe	n	LV.MR	062	LG95	LV007	13,958	104	40	Mārupe	LV.RG
Mazsalaca	n	LV.MZ	060	LG96	LV008	4,042	418	161	Mazsalaca	LV.VM
Mērsraga	n	LV.ME	063	LGF1	LV003				Mērsraga	LV.TA
Naukšēni	n	LV.NA	064	LG97	LV008	2,316	281	108	Naukšēni	LV.VM
Nereta	n	LV.NE	065	LG98	LV009	4,425	646	249	Nereta	LV.AI
Nīca	n	LV.NI	066	LG99	LV003	3,886	351	135	Nīca	LV.LP
Ogre	n	LV.OR	067	LGA1	LV007	39,117	993	384	Ogre	LV.OG
Olaine	n	LV.OL	068	LGA2	LV007	20,085	296	114	Olaine	LV.RG
Ozolnieki	n	LV.OZ	069	LGA3	LV009	10,237	286	111	Ozolnieki	LV.JG
Pārgauja	n	LV.PG	070	LGA4	LV008	4,502	488	188	Stalbe	LV.CE
Pāvilosta	n	LV.PT	071	LGA5	LV003	3,256	515	199	Pāvilosta	LV.LP
Pļaviņas	n	LV.PL	072	LGA6	LV009	6,447	377	145	Pļaviņas	LV.AI
Preiļi	n	LV.PI	073	LGA7	LV005	11,973	365	141	Preiļi	LV.PR
Priekule	n	LV.PK	074	LGA8	LV003	6,687	520	201	Priekule	LV.LP
Priekuļi	n	LV.PU	075	LGA9	LV008	9,550	302	117	Priekuļi	LV.CE
Rauna	n	LV.RN	076	LGB1	LV008	4,112	309	119	Rauna	LV.CE
Rēzekne	n	LV.RE	077	LGB2	LV005	32,130	2,524	975	Rēzekne	LV.RZ
Rēzekne	r	LV.RK	REZ	LG23	LV005	35,568	17	7	Rēzekne	LV.RK
Riebiņi	n	LV.RB	078	LGB3	LV005	6,331	631	244	Riebiņi	LV.PR
Rīga	r	LV.RA	RIX	LG25	LV006	715,606	307	119	Rīga	LV.RA
Roja	n	LV.RR	079	LGB4	LV003	6,271	310	119	Roja	LV.TA
Ropaži	n	LV.RP	080	LGB5	LV007	6,832	322	124	Ropaži	LV.RG
Rucava	n	LV.RC	081	LGB6	LV003	2,013	449	173	Rucava	LV.LP
Rugāji	n	LV.RJ	082	LGB7	LV005	2,679	512	198	Rugāji	LV.BL
Rūjiena	n	LV.RU	084	LGB8	LV008	6,252	352	136	Rūjiena	LV.VM
Rundāle	n	LV.RD	083	LGB9	LV009	4,384	231	89	Pilsrundāle	LV.BU
Sala	n	LV.SL	085	LGC2	LV009	4,415	318	123	Sala	LV.JK
Salacgrīva	n	LV.SC	086	LGC1	LV007	9,581	638	246	Salacgrīva	LV.LM
Salaspils	n	LV.SS	087	LGC3	LV007	22,810	127	49	Salaspils	LV.RG
Saldus	n	LV.SD	088	LGC4	LV003	28,915	1,683	650	Saldus	LV.SA
Saulkrasti	n	LV.SU	089	LGC5	LV007	6,082	48	18	Saulkrasti	LV.RG
Sēja	n	LV.SE	090	LGC6	LV007	2,464	228	88	Loja	LV.RG
Sigulda	n	LV.SI	091	LGC7	LV007	17,579	360	139	Sigulda	LV.RG
Skrīveri	n	LV.SR	092	LGC8	LV009	4,117	105	41	Skrīveri	LV.AI
Skrunda	n	LV.SK	093	LGC9	LV003	6,057	553	214	Skrunda	LV.KU
Smiltene	n	LV.SM	094	LGD1	LV008	14,376	949	366	Smiltene	LV.VK
Stopiņi	n	LV.SP	095	LGD2	LV007	9,577	54	21	Ulbroka	LV.RG
Strenči	n	LV.ST	096	LGD3	LV008	4,277	376	145	Strenči	LV.VK
Talsi	n	LV.TL	097	LGD4	LV003	34,871	1,763	681	Talsi	LV.TA
Tērvete	n	LV.TE	098	LGD5	LV009	4,173	224	86	Tērvete	LV.DO
Tukums	n	LV.TK	099	LGD6	LV007	33,608	1,198	463	Tukums	LV.TU
Vaiņode	n	LV.VD	100	LGD7	LV003	2,976	307	119	Vaiņode	LV.LP
Valka	n	LV.VA	101	LGD8	LV008	10,678	910	351	Valka	LV.VK
Valmiera	r	LV.VE	VMR	LGD9	LV008	27,440	18	7	Valmiera	LV.VM
Varakļāni	n	LV.VX	102	LGE1	LV008	3,941	279	108	Varakļāni	LV.MA
Vārkava	n	LV.VV	103	LGE2	LV005	2,412	289	112	Vecvārkava	LV.PR
Vecpiebalga	n	LV.VB	104	LGE3	LV008	4,776	543	209	Vecpiebalga	LV.CE
Vecumnieki	n	LV.VC	105	LGE4	LV009	9,910	844	326	Vecumnieki	LV.BU
Ventspils	n	LV.VN	106	LGE5	LV003	13,786	2,462	951	Ventspils	LV.VN
Ventspils	r	LV.VS	VEN	LG32	LV003	43,087	55	21	Ventspils	LV.VS
Viesīte	n	LV.VT	107	LGE6	LV009	4,705	651	251	Viesīte	LV.JK
Viļaka	n	LV.VL	108	LGE7	LV005	6,545	640	247	Viļaka	LV.BL
Viļāni	n	LV.VI	109	LGE8	LV005	7,243	285	110	Viļāni	LV.RZ
Zilupe	n	LV.ZI	110	LGE9	LV005	3,799	309	119	Zilupe	LV.LU
119 divisions						2,266,917	64,588	24,938
Typ: n = municipality, r = republican city. HASC: Hierarchical administrative subdivision codes. ISO: Codes from ISO 3166-2. FIPS: Codes from FIPS PUB 10-4. NUTS: See Further subdivisions. Population: 2009-07-01 estimate. Former: HASC code of old district containing this division (see Change history).

Postal codes: 

Latvia uses four-digit postal codes, prefixed with "LV-".

Further subdivisions:

The amalgamated municipalities are subdivided into pagasti (parishes), pilsētas (cities), and areas called "pilsēta ar lauku teritoriju" (town with rural territory).

There are five planning regions, roughly corresponding to the old provinces (shown under Change history). The coverage areas are a bit different. Daugavpils district and city (now in Latgale planning region) were in Zemgale province; Dobele district (now in Zemgale) and Tukums (now in Riga) were in Kurzeme province; and Limbaži and Ogre districts (now in Riga) were in Vidzeme. There are also six NUTS regions (Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics), defined by Eurostat. They are the same as the planning regions, except that Riga planning region is split into Riga (the city) and Pieriga (the remainder) for NUTS:

NUTS	Region
LV003	Kurzeme
LV005	Latgale
LV006	Riga
LV007	Pieriga
LV008	Vidzeme
LV009	Zemgale

Territorial extent: 

Olaine and Rauna municipalities each have two separate parts, separated by a corridor about 1 km. wide in each case. Daugavpils and Rēzekne municipalities completely surround the cities of the same names.

Origins of names: 

1. Daugavpils: Latvian Daugava: Western Dvina (river), pils: palace
2. Riga: possibly Old Lithuanian ringi: curve (in the river)

Change history: 

1. 1900: Present-day Latvia was in three Russian governments (guberniy): the southern part of Livonia, almost all of Courland (Kurland, Kurzeme), and the western part of Vitebsk.
2. 1918: Latvia was subdivided into provinces corresponding to its traditional regions.

Province	Population	Area(mi.²)
Kurzeme	292,659	5,099
Latgale	567,164	6,052
Riga	385,063	81
Vidzeme	406,247	8,905
Zemgale	299,369	5,258
5 provinces	1,950,502	25,395
Population: 1935 census

1. 1991-08-21: Latvia became independent of the Soviet Union. At some point after this date, status of apriņķis changed to rajoni. Latvia then consisted of 26 rajoni (districts) and seven lielpilsēti (cities), as shown below. (FIPS translated those types as counties and municipalities, respectively.) The seven independent cities were geographically in the districts, but administratively separate. In the book "Administrative Subdivisions of Countries" I considered the cities as belonging to their districts. Here, following the standards, I list them separately.
2. FIPS uses different names for the types of primary subdivision: county instead of district, and municipality instead of city.

District	Typ	HASC	ISO	FIPS	Population	Area(km.²)	Area(mi.²)	Post	Plan
Aizkraukle	d	LV.AI	AI	LG01	41,968	2,565	990	51	Z
Alūksne	d	LV.AL	AL	LG02	26,422	2,243	866	43	V
Balvi	d	LV.BL	BL	LG03	30,624	2,386	921	45	L
Bauska	d	LV.BU	BU	LG04	53,197	1,882	727	39	Z
Cēsis	d	LV.CE	CE	LG05	60,620	3,067	1,184	41	V
Daugavpils	c	LV.DV	DGV	LG06	115,265	72	28	54	L
Daugavpils	d	LV.DG	DA	LG07	42,758	2,525	975	54	L
Dobele	d	LV.DO	DO	LG08	40,246	1,633	631	37	Z
Gulbene	d	LV.GU	GU	LG09	28,194	1,877	725	44	V
Jēkabpils	d	LV.JK	JK	LG10	56,348	2,998	1,158	52	Z
Jelgava	c	LV.JE	JEL	LG11	63,652	60	23	29	Z
Jelgava	d	LV.JG	JL	LG12	37,371	1,604	619	30	Z
Jūrmala	c	LV.JM	JUR	LG13	55,718	100	39	20	R
Krāslava	d	LV.KR	KR	LG14	36,836	2,285	882	56	L
Kuldīga	d	LV.KU	KU	LG15	38,169	2,502	966	33	K
Liepāja	c	LV.LJ	LPX	LG16	89,448	60	23	34	K
Liepāja	d	LV.LP	LE	LG17	46,817	3,594	1,388	34	K
Limbaži	d	LV.LM	LM	LG18	40,164	2,602	1,005	40	R
Ludza	d	LV.LU	LU	LG19	35,125	2,412	931	57	L
Madona	d	LV.MA	MA	LG20	46,459	3,346	1,292	48	V
Ogre	d	LV.OG	OG	LG21	63,064	1,840	710	50	R
Preiļi	d	LV.PR	PR	LG22	41,735	2,041	788	53	L
Rēzekne	c	LV.RK	REZ	LG23	39,233	17	7	46	L
Rēzekne	d	LV.RZ	RE	LG24	43,090	2,812	1,086	46	L
Riga	c	LV.RA	RIX	LG25	764,329	307	119	00	R
Riga	d	LV.RG	RI	LG26	144,346	3,059	1,181	20	R
Saldus	d	LV.SA	SA	LG27	38,916	2,182	842	38	K
Talsi	d	LV.TA	TA	LG28	49,814	2,751	1,062	32	K
Tukums	d	LV.TU	TU	LG29	54,200	2,447	945	31	R
Valka	d	LV.VK	VK	LG30	34,317	2,437	941	47	V
Valmiera	d	LV.VM	VM	LG31	60,390	2,365	913	42	V
Ventspils	c	LV.VS	VEN	LG32	43,928	46	18	36	K
Ventspils	d	LV.VN	VE	LG33	14,620	2,472	954	36	K
33 divisions					2,377,383	64,589	24,938
Typ: c = city, d = district. HASC: Hierarchical administrative subdivision codes. ISO: Codes from ISO 3166-2. FIPS: Codes from FIPS PUB 10-4. Population: 2000-03-31 census (source [1]). Post: Postal code (see note). Plan: Planning region (first letter of name).

1. Note: Latvia uses four-digit postal codes. The numbers given represent the first two digits of the lowest postal code in the range for each division. "LV-" is prefixed to the postal code on correspondence from other countries.
2. The cities are all geographically situated in the districts of the same name, except for Jūrmala, which is in Riga district.
3. According to source [3], Latvia's local government consisted of seven cities (which we count as primary subdivisions in the table above), 72 towns, seven novads (amalgamated territories or amalgamated municipalities), and 475 pagasts (rural municipalities). Source [4] says there are 496 parishes, probably meaning the pagasts. Source [5] says, "the administrative subdivisions of the Republic of Latvia are the regions and municipalities: the great agglomerations, the towns and the pagasts (rural districts). There are in all 26 regions and 560 municipalities: seven great agglomerations, seventy towns and 483 pagasts." (My translation from the French.)
4. 2004-05-01: Latvia joined the European Union.
5. 2009-07-01: Latvia reorganized its local government, resulting in the divisions shown in the main table (yellow). Comparing before and after maps and areas, I conclude that part of Krāslava district was annexed to Aglona municipality (about 260 km.²); part of Valka district was annexed to Beverīna (about 210 km.²); part of Limbaži district was annexed to Krimulda (about 200 km.²); and part of Aizkraukle district was annexed to Vecumnieki (about 290 km.²). There were probably other smaller areas transferred.
6. 2010-01-28: Name of Valmiera municipality changed to Kocēnu.
7. 2010-12-18: Mersraga municipality split from Roja (former HASC code LV.RO).

Other names of subdivisions: 

1. Aizkraukle: Stuchka (obsolete)
2. Cēsis: Wenden (German)
3. Daugavpils: Dünaburg (German); Двинск (Russian-obsolete)
4. Jelgava: Mitau (German); Митава (Russian-obsolete)
5. Jēkabpils: Jakobstadt (German)
6. Kuldīga: Goldingen (German)
7. Liepāja: Libau (German); Либава (Russian-obsolete)
8. Ludza: Ludsen (German)
9. Rēzekne: Rositten (German); Режица (Russian-obsolete)
10. Riga: Riia (variant); Riika (Finnish)
11. Talsi: Talsen (German)
12. Tukums: Tukkum (German)
13. Valmiera: Wolmar (German)
14. Ventspils: Windau (German)

Sources: 

1. [1] Geohive website (retrieved 2004-12-18 at http://212.204.253.230/cd/link.php?xml=lv&xsl=neo1&par1=1, now a dead link): population data attributed to the Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia.
2. [2] The U.N. Economic Commission for Europe issued a study which says, "At present, Latvia is divided into 26 counties and seven municipalities.... However, the administrative structure at local and regional level is undergoing extensive restructuring and there are plans for a further decentralization." (Retrieved 2004-12-18 at http://www.unece.org/env/epr/studies/latvia/chapter00.pdf, now a dead link.)
3. [3] Baltic Sea States Subregional Co-operation (retrieved 2004-12-18 at http://www.bsssc.com/pages/subregions/latvia.htm, now a dead link).
4. [4] Latvia Tourism (retrieved 2004-12-18 at http://www.latviatourism.lv/celv/karte.php?chsmall=1, now a dead link).
5. [5] Structure and working of local and regional democracy: Latvia: Situation in 1998. European Council, 1998 (retrieved 2004-12-18 at http://www.coe.int/T/F/Affaires_juridiques/D%E9mocratie_locale_et_r%E9gionale/Comit%E9_directeur_(CDLR)/Publications/Structure_et_fonctionnement/Lettonie.pdf, now a dead link).
6. [6] The Ministry of Regional Development and Local Government of the Republic of Latvia  (retrieved 2009-11-16)
7. [7] The Central Election Commission of Latvia  (Latvian; retrieved 2009-11-16)
8. [8] Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia  (retrieved 2009-11-16)
9. [9] History and progress of territorial reform in Latvia  (retrieved 2009-09-28; has numerous maps)