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Updates: 

"Geopolitical Entities, Names, and Codes, Edition 2" (GENC), a U.S. standard that's supposed to correspond to ISO 3166-2, was issued on 2014-03-31. It gives codes for the two subdivisions that don't have ISO codes: TJ-DU for Dushanbe and TJ-NO for Regions of Republican Subordination. On 2014-11-03, ISO issued an update that assigns the same code to Dushanbe. R.R.S. still doesn't have an ISO code.

Tajikistan took a census in 2010, but I have not been able to find its results. Instead, I've provided population estimates from the 2012 Statistical Yearbook (source [1]).

Update 8 to Geopolitical Entities and Codes, the successor to FIPS standard 10-4, is dated 2012-05-01. It assigns codes to the two subdivisions that were missing them.

FIPS Publication Change Notice No. 9, affecting FIPS PUB 10-4, was issued on 2004-10-01. It shows the change of the name of Leninobod oblast to Sogd.

Dushanbe is administratively separate from the Regions of Republican Subordination, but geographically surrounded by it. ISO probably intends it to be treated as part of R.R.S. When R.R.S. included Dushanbe, its HASC code was TJ.KR.

ISO/DIS 3166-2 (draft international standard) was published in late 1996, and didn't list any subdivisions of Tajikistan. After comments, the actual standard ISO 3166-2 was published (1998-12-15). It now showed three regions (Karategin, Khatlon, and Leninabad) and one autonomous region (Gorno-Badakhshan). Its fourth update, ISO 3166-2 Newsletter number I-4 (2002-12-10), changed the name of Leninabad region to Sughd. It also deleted Karategin region (TJ-KR), without providing a replacement. It confessed that the "Regions of Republican Subordination" and Dushanbe are now both bereft of a code. The Tajik authorities have been contacted for better information.

Country overview: 

Short name	TAJIKISTAN
ISO code	TJ
FIPS code	TI
Language	Tajik (tg)
Time zone	+5
Capital	Dushanbe

 

In 1900, the territory that now constitutes Tajikistan was partly in the Khanate of Bukhara, and partly in the Ferghana, Pamir, and Zarafshan regions of the Turkestan general government of the Russian Empire. During the Russian Revolution, the status of the Central Asian lands was unresolved for a time. The Turkestan A.S.S.R. was formed in 1921. In 1924, the Central Asian part of the Soviet Union was reorganized to correspond to the distribution of nationalities. The Tadzhikskaya Associated Soviet Socialist Republic was created then. It became a constituent republic of the Soviet Union in 1929. As the Soviet Union broke up, it became Tajikistan, an independent country, on 1991-09-09.

Other names of country: 

1. Danish: Tadsjikistan
2. Dutch: Tadzjikistan, Republiek Tadzjikistan (formal)
3. English: Republic of Tajikistan (formal)
4. Finnish: Tadžikistan
5. French: Tadjikistan m
6. German: Tadschikistan n
7. Icelandic: Tadsjikistan
8. Italian: Tagikistan m
9. Norwegian: Tadsjikistan, Republikken Tadsjikistan (formal)
10. Portuguese: Tajiquistão, Tadjiquistão, República f do Tajiquistão m (formal)
11. Russian: Республика Таджикистан (formal)
12. Spanish: Tayikistán m
13. Swedish: Tadzjikistan
14. Tajik: Jumhurii Tojikiston (formal), Respublika i Tojikiston (formal)
15. Turkish: Tacikistan, Tacikistan Cumhuriyeti (formal)

Origin of name: 

Land of the Tajiks

Primary subdivisions: 

Tajikistan is divided into three viloyatho (sing. viloyat: regions), one viloiati mukhtori (or viloyati avtonomii: autonomous region), and one independent city.

Region	HASC	ISO	FIPS	Pop-2012	Pop-2000	Area(km.²)	Area(mi.²)	Capital
Badakhshoni Kuni	TJ.BK	GB	TI01	208,500	206,000	64,100	24,750	Horog (Khorog)
Dushanbe	TJ.DU	DU	TI04	748,000	562,000	100	40	Dushanbe (Stalinabad)
Khatlon	TJ.KL	KT	TI02	2,765,800	2,151,000	24,600	9,500	Qurghonteppa (Kurgan-Tyube)
Regions of Republican Subordination	TJ.RR		TI05	1,786,100	1,338,000	28,600	11,040
Sogd	TJ.LE	SU	TI03	2,298,800	1,870,000	25,200	9,730	Khujand (Leninabad)
5 divisions				7,807,200	6,127,000	142,600	55,060
Region: Badakhshoni Kuni is an autonomous region. Dushanbe is an independent city. HASC: Hierarchical administrative subdivision codes. ISO: Region codes from ISO 3166-2. For full identification in a global context, prefix "TJ-" to the code (ex: TJ-KT represents Khatlon). FIPS: Codes from FIPS PUB 10-4, a U.S. government standard. Pop-2012: 2012-01-01 estimates (source [1]). Pop-2000: 2000-01-20 census. Capital: Modern name in Tajik (old Soviet name in parentheses).

Postal codes: 

Tajikistan uses six-digit postal codes. The first two digits indicate the region, and the middle two indicate the raion. These codes are left over from the Soviet regime, and all begin with '7'.

Further subdivisions:

See the Districts of Tajikistan page.

Tajikistan is subdivided into 58 districts and 17 cities. The Russian word for "district" was "raion."

Territorial extent: 

Sogd includes an exclave around the town of Vorukh, surrounded by Kyrgyzstan; and another exclave northwest of Kokand, in Uzbekistan. There is also a very small portion of Tajikistan enclaved within Kyrgyzstan north of Isfana.

The UN LOCODE page  for Tajikistan lists locations in the country, some of them with their latitudes and longitudes, some with their ISO 3166-2 codes for their subdivisions. This information can be put together to approximate the territorial extent of subdivisions.

Origins of names: 

1. Dushanbe: = Monday (from market day)

Change history: 

1. 1920-10-05: Khanate of Bukhara became a Soviet Republic.
2. 1921-04-11: Turkestan A.S.S.R. formed from Amu-Darya, Ferghana, Pamir, Samarkand, Semirechensk, and Syr Darya regions, and the southern part of Transcaspian.
3. 1924-10: Turkestan A.S.S.R. and Bukhara reorganized into several units, one of which was the Uzbekskaya S.S.R. The Tadzhikskaya A.S.S.R., in turn, was part of the Uzbekskaya S.S.R.
4. 1927: Gorno-Badakhshanskaya A.Obl. formed.
5. 1929-10-15: Tadzhikskaya A.S.S.R. split from Uzbekskaya S.S.R., and its status changed to S.S.R. Name of country's capital changed from Dyushambe to Stalinabad.
6. 1936: Name of Khodjent and its capital changed to Leninabad.
7. 1950: Divisions were Gorno-Badakhshan A.Obl., Gharm Oblast, Kulyab Oblast, Leninabad Oblast, and the rest of Tadzhikskaya S.S.R. around Dushanbe. Gharm is now eastern Regions of Republican Subordination.
8. 1961: Name of capital changed back to Dushanbe.
9. 1991-02: Name of capital of Leninobod changed from Leninabad to Khujand.
10. 1993: Kulob and Qurghonteppa regions merged to form Khatlon. Before the change, the capitals had the same names as the regions. The old Russian names were Kulyab and Kurgan-Tyube.
11. 2000-08: Leninobod oblast renamed Sogd. Before this change, its ISO code was TJ-LN. The name Sogd evidently comes from that of an ancient region of central Asia, called Sogdiana by English-speaking scholars. Its capital in the Middle Ages was Samarkand, which is now in Uzbekistan.

Other names of subdivisions: 

1. Badakhshoni Kuni: Autonomes Gebiet der Berg-Badachschanen (German, obsolete); Haut-Badakhchan (French); Viloyati Mukhtori Kuhistoni Badakhshon (Tajik); Горно-Бадахшан, Горно-Бадахшанская автономная область (Russian)
2. Dushanbe: Douchanbé (French); Dusambé (Spanish); Duşanbe (Turkish); Душанбе (Russian)
3. Khatlon: Hationskaya oblast', Hatlonskaja oblast' (variant); Хатлон (Russian)
4. Kulob: Koulab (French); Kulab (variant); Куляб (Russian)
5. Qurghonteppa: Kourgan-Tioubé (French); Qurghan Teppa (variant); Курган-Тюбе (Russian)
6. Regions of Republican Subordination: Districts of the republican subordination, Nohiyahoi Tobei Jumhurí, Rayons and towns of republic subordination (variant); Karategin (obsolete); Karateguin (French, obsolete); Karotegin, Markazi (variant, obsolete); Районы и города республиканского подчинения (Russian)
7. Sogd: Hodžent, Khodzhent, Khujand (variant, obsolete); Leninobod (obsolete); Sogdiyskaya oblast', Sogdskaja oblast' (Russian); Sughd (variant); Ленинабад (Russian-obsolete); Согдийская область (Russian)

Sources: 

1. [1] Demographic Yearbook . Statistical Agency to the President, 2012. Table, p. 20 (retrieved 2014-02-27).
2. [2] Population of the Republic of Tajikistan on January 1, 2014 . Statistical Agency to the President, 2014 (retrieved 2014-11-04).
3. [3] Website of Tajik Embassy  to Russia (retrieved 2003-12-24).