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Updates: 

I updated the populations to the 2011 census results as given in source [2]. Source [3] explained why the areas of the provinces have changed; I used the new areas in the main table below.

ISO 3166-2 Newsletter Number I-9 was published on 2007-11-28. It adds the names of the country, and of its divisions, in nine other South African languages.

We have another complicated situation in Pretoria. The City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality was created on 2000-12-05, by merging a number of smaller entities, including the Greater Pretoria Metropolitan Council. The new metropolitan municipality covers an area of about 3,200 km.², including all of the city of Pretoria (and several others). The Pretoria City Council was downgraded to a local municipal council. Then on 2005-03-07 the municipal council voted to rename the capital to Tshwane. The South Africa Geographical Names Council approved this change of name on 2005-05-26. It will become official when approved by the Minister for Arts and Culture. (A partisan pro-Pretoria summary of the name change issues may be found in source [5], a legal brief.)

The City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality is divided into 76 municipal wards, plus a few slivers of land not in any ward. It is also divided into a large number of townships, overlapping with the wards, with a lot of territory not in any township. I believe one of the wards, Pretoria Central, is the nucleus of the old Pretoria city, and will retain that name. Tshwane, originally after a native chief's name, has been the name used for Pretoria by some native groups for years. Local authorities also gloss it as Zulu for "we are the same". The name Pretoria was chosen to commemorate Andries Pretorius, reminding many citizens of the despised colonial past.

FIPS Publication Change Notice No. 9, affecting FIPS PUB 10-4, was issued on 2004-10-01. It shows the change of the name of Northern Province to Limpopo.

ISO 3166-2 Newsletter Number I-6 was published on 2004-03-08. It shows the change of the name of Northern Province to Limpopo. ISO was notified of this change by the South African Department of Arts and Culture (the department in charge of geographic names) on 2003-11-05. ISO has changed the code for this province to ZA-LP.

Northern Province had already begun using its new name, Limpopo, by January, 2002. However, the province's Web site stated that "The new name of the Province will become official after the amendment of section 103(1)(g) of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa. A request by the legislature has been submitted to Parliament for the necessary amendment to be submitted." The Minister of Arts, Culture, Science and Technology must accept the name change for it to become official. That happened on 2003-06-11.

International standard ISO 3166-2 was published on 1998-12-15. It superseded ISO/DIS 3166-2 (draft international standard). The draft standard showed a division of South Africa into nine provinces, with a two-letter code for each. The final standard shows the same nine provinces, but four of their codes have been changed. The new set of codes is shown in the table below.

The book "Administrative Subdivisions of Countries" listed preliminary figures from the 1996 census, with a warning about the large margins of error. Statistics South Africa has released final data, corrected for undercount (source [6]).

Country overview: 

Short name	SOUTH AFRICA
ISO code	ZA
FIPS code	SF
Language	Afrikaans (af), English (en)
Time zone	+2
Capital	Pretoria, Cape Town, Bloemfontein

 

In 1900, the Boer republics of Orange Free State and Transvaal were fighting Great Britain and the British colonies of Cape of Good Hope and Natal in the Boer War. The British won, and the peace treaty signed on 1902-05-31 made British colonies of all four lands. On 1910-05-31, they united to form the Union of South Africa (Afrikaans: Unie van Zuid-Afrika, but the Afrikaans spelling was changed from Zuid to Suid a few years later). The country voted on independence in 1960, and on 1961-05-31 it became independent under the name Republic of South Africa. Even before independence, the South African government was planning to address its racial problems by creating homelands, or Bantustans: black-majority enclaves within its territory. The first of the Bantustans was Transkei, delimited in 1963 and granted nominal independence in 1976. There were eventually ten homelands, of which four became nominally independent. None of them ever received international recognition. In 1994, the segregationist apartheid policy came to an end, and the homelands were re-incorporated into the country. South Africa held a mandate over South-West Africa for many years (see Namibia).

Other names of country: 

1. Afrikaans: Republiek van Suid-Afrika (formal)
2. Danish: Sydafrika
3. Dutch: Zuid-Afrika, Republiek Zuid-Afrika (formal)
4. English: Republic of South Africa (formal)
5. Finnish: Etelä-Afrikka
6. French: Afrique f du Sud
7. German: Südafrika n
8. Icelandic: Suður-Afríka
9. Italian: Sudafrica, Repubblica f Sudafricana (formal)
10. Norwegian: Sør-Afrika, Republikken Sør-Afrika (formal)
11. Portuguese: África do Sul, República f da África f do Sul (formal)
12. Russian: ЮАР (abbr), Южно-Африканская Республика (formal), Южно-Африканский Союз (obsolete)
13. Spanish: Sudáfrica, República f de Sudáfrica f (formal)
14. Swedish: Sydafrika
15. Turkish: Güney Afrika, Güney Afrika Cumhuriyeti (formal)

Origin of name: 

descriptive: Southern part of African continent

Primary subdivisions: 

South Africa is divided into nine provinces (Afrikaans: provinsies).

Province	HASC	ISO	FIPS	CSS	Conv	Population	Area(km.²)	Area(mi.²)	Capital	Former
Eastern Cape	ZA.EC	EC	SF05	02	EC	6,562,053	168,966	65,238	Bhisho	Cape of Good Hope
Free State	ZA.FS	FS	SF03	04	FS	2,745,590	129,825	50,126	Bloemfontein	Orange Free State
Gauteng	ZA.GT	GT	SF06	07	GP	12,272,263	18,178	7,019	Johannesburg	Transvaal
KwaZulu-Natal	ZA.NL	NL	SF02	05	KZN	10,267,300	94,361	36,433	Pietermaritzburg	Natal, Cape of Good Hope
Limpopo	ZA.NP	LP	SF09	09	LP	5,404,868	125,754	48,554	Polokwane	Transvaal
Mpumalanga	ZA.MP	MP	SF07	08	MP	4,039,939	76,495	29,535	Nelspruit	Transvaal
Northern Cape	ZA.NC	NC	SF08	03	NC	1,145,861	372,889	143,973	Kimberley	Cape of Good Hope
North-West	ZA.NW	NW	SF10	06	NW	3,509,953	104,882	40,495	Mmabatho	Transvaal, Cape of Good Hope
Western Cape	ZA.WC	WC	SF11	01	WC	5,822,734	129,462	49,986	Cape Town	Cape of Good Hope
9 provinces						51,770,560	1,220,813	471,359
HASC: Hierarchical administrative subdivision codes. ISO: Province codes from ISO 3166-2. For full identification in a global context, prefix "ZA-" to the code (ex: ZA-GT represents Gauteng). FIPS: Codes from FIPS PUB 10-4, a U.S. government standard. CSS: Province codes used by the Central Statistical Service of South Africa. Conv: Conventional abbreviations used popularly (sometimes L for Limpopo). Population: 2011-10-10 census. Former: Former provinces from which these provinces were formed (a few small slivers of land are not mentioned).

Postal codes: 

South Africa uses four-digit postal codes. The numbers are not aligned with province boundaries.

Further subdivisions:

See the Municipalities of South Africa page.

The provinces were formerly subdivided into magisterial districts and administrative districts. Some of these districts straddled the border between two provinces. The 1996 constitution established a division into 46 district municipalities and 6 metropolitan municipalities. Again, three of the district municipalities lie partly in two provinces each.

Territorial extent: 

Eastern Cape had an exclave within KwaZulu-Natal, around the town of Umzimkulu. It coincides with the part of Transkei that used to lie within Natal. This exclave was apparently eliminated under the 12th and 13th amendments to the Constitution of South Africa.

Western Cape includes the Prince Edward Islands.

The Bantustans were generally composed of many scattered enclaves. The four Bantustans that were granted independence by South Africa, called the TBVC countries for short, were Transkei, Bophuthatswana, Venda, and Ciskei. Here are the capitals and approximate locations, relative to the old provinces, of all ten Bantustans. (The actual number of enclaves changed as boundaries were redrawn.)

1. Bophuthatswana (capital Mmabatho) was seven enclaves in northern Cape of Good Hope, western Transvaal, and Orange Free State.
2. Ciskei (Bisho, which since then has been renamed Bhisho) was one enclave in eastern Cape of Good Hope.
3. Gazankulu (Giyani) was four enclaves (two of them quite small) in northeastern Transvaal.
4. KaNgwane (Louieville) was two enclaves in eastern Transvaal.
5. KwaNdebele (Siyabuswa) was one enclave in central Transvaal.
6. KwaZulu (Ulundi) was eight enclaves (one quite small) in Natal.
7. Lebowa (Lebowakgomo) was eight enclaves (two or three very small) in northern Transvaal.
8. Qwaqwa (Phuthaditjhaba) was a small area in Orange Free State, in its corner with Natal and Lesotho.
9. Transkei (Umtata, now Mthatha) was two enclaves in Cape of Good Hope and one in Natal.
10. Venda (Thohoyandou) was two enclaves in northern Transvaal.

The UN LOCODE page  for South Africa lists locations in the country, some of them with their latitudes and longitudes, some with their ISO 3166-2 codes for their subdivisions. This information can be put together to approximate the territorial extent of subdivisions.

Origins of names: 

1. Gauteng: Sotho for place of gold
2. Mpumalanga: = where the sun rises
3. Natal: Portuguese for Christmas, named by Captain Manuel Mascaranhas when he established it on 1597-12-25
4. Orange Free State: after the Orange River, which was named for the ruling Dutch family of Orange-Nassau
5. Transvaal: Latin trans: beyond + Vaal River (from Afrikaans vaal: yellowish), land beyond the Vaal from viewpoint of Capetown

Change history: 

1. 1902-05-31: Orange Free State became the British colony of Orange River Colony.
2. 1903-01-27: Northern Districts (Babanango, Paulpietersburg, Utrecht, Vryheid) transferred from Transvaal to Natal.
3. 1910-05-31: Union of South Africa formed. Name of Orange River Colony restored to Orange Free State.
4. 1922: Walvis Bay (then called Walfisch Bay) transferred from Cape Province of the Union of South Africa to Namibia (then called South West Africa).
5. 1947-12-25: Prince Edward Islands annexed to Cape Province, followed by Marion Island on 1947-12-30.
6. 1948: South Africa reclaimed sovereignty over Walvis Bay, making it again part of Cape Province.
7. 1976-10-25: Transkei called independent.
8. 1977-12-06: Bophuthatswana called independent.
9. 1979-09-13: Venda called independent.
10. 1981-12-04: Ciskei called independent.
11. 1992-08: Walvis Bay placed under joint Namibian and South African administration.
12. 1994-03-01: Walvis Bay fully transferred to Namibia.
13. 1994-04-27: South Africa reorganized into nine provinces. Before the reorganization, it was divided into the following four provinces, which had endured since 1910 with only minor changes. On this date, the Bantustans ceased to exist, even as a legal fiction. Ulundi, the capital of KwaZulu, became a co-capital of the new KwaZulu-Natal province.

Province	FIPS	Conv	Population	Area(km.²)	Capital
Cape of Good Hope	SF01	C.P.	5,514,413	721,001	Cape Town
Natal	SF02	Natal	2,074,513	86,967	Pietermaritzburg
Orange Free State	SF03	O.F.S.	1,929,369	129,152	Bloemfontein
Transvaal	SF04	Tvl.	8,630,016	283,917	Pretoria
4 provinces			18,148,311	1,221,037
FIPS: Codes from FIPS PUB 10-4. Conv: Conventional abbreviation in use among English speakers in South Africa Population: 1991 census

1. 1994-05-07: South Africa reorganized from four provinces into nine.
2. ~1995: Name of Northern Transvaal changed to Northern Province.
3. 1995-06-29: Name of Orange Free State province changed to Free State.
4. 1995-08-24: Name of Eastern Transvaal province changed to Mpumalanga.
5. 1995-12-08: Name of Pretoria-Witwatersrand-Vereeniging province changed to Gauteng. (Another source says 1995-03.)
6. 2003-07-11: Name of Northern Province changed to Limpopo, and the name of its capital from Pietersburg to Polokwane. Its old ISO code was ZA-NP.
7. 2004: Ulundi ceased to be co-capital of KwaZulu-Natal.
8. ~2004: Name of capital of Eastern Cape changed from Bisho to Bhisho.
9. 2005-05-26: Name of administrative capital of South Africa changed from Pretoria to Tshwane.
10. ~2005: Umzimkulu municipality moved from Eastern Cape to KwaZulu-Natal.
11. 2007-12-14: Matatiele municipality moved from KwaZulu-Natal to Eastern Cape under the 13th Amendment to the Constitution of South Africa.

Other names of subdivisions: 

1. Eastern Cape: Oos-Kaap (Afrikaans)
2. Free State: Orange Free State (obsolete); Vrystaat (Afrikaans)
3. Gauteng: Pretoria/Witwatersrand/Vaal (obsolete); PWV (informal)
4. Mpumalanga: Eastern Transvaal (obsolete)
5. North-West: Noordwes (Afrikaans)
6. Northern Cape: Noord-Kaap (Afrikaans)
7. Limpopo: Noordelike Provinsie (Afrikaans); Northern Province, Northern Transvaal (obsolete)
8. Western Cape: Wes-Kaap (Afrikaans)
9. old provinces:
10. Cape of Good Hope: Cape Colony (obsolete); Cape Province (variant); Kaapland (Dutch); Kaapprovinsie, Provinsie die Kaap die Goeie Hoop (Afrikaans); Kapland (German); Kapplande (Norwegian); Province du Cap (French); Provincia del Capo (Italian); Província do Cabo (Portuguese)
11. Natal: Natal and Zululand (obsolete)
12. Orange Free State: Estado Livre de Orange (Portuguese); État libre d'Orange (French); Orange (Italian); Orange River Colony (obsolete); Oranje-Fristaten (Norwegian); Oranje-Vrijstaat (Dutch); Oranje-Vrystaat (Afrikaans); Oranjefreistaat (German)

Population history:

Province	1911	1921	1936	1946	1951	1961	1970	1980	1991
Cape	2,564,965	2,781,542	3,529,900	4,053,848	4,426,726	5,342,720	6,731,820	5,091,360	5,514,413
Natal	1,194,043	1,429,398	1,946,468	2,202,392	2,415,318	2,979,920	4,236,770	2,676,340	2,074,513
Orange	528,174	628,827	772,060	879,071	1,016,570	1,386,547	1,716,350	1,931,860	1,929,369
Transvaal	1,686,212	2,087,636	3,341,470	4,283,038	4,812,838	6,273,477	6,478,904	8,717,530	8,630,016
Totals	5,973,394	6,927,403	9,589,898	11,418,349	12,671,452	15,982,664	19,163,844	18,417,090	18,148,311

 

Note: figures for 1980 and 1991 exclude population of Bantustans.

Province	1996-10-10	2001-10-10	2011-10-10
Eastern Cape	6,302,525	6,436,761	6,562,053
Free State	2,633,504	2,706,776	2,745,590
Gauteng	7,348,423	8,837,172	12,272,263
KwaZulu-Natal	8,417,021	9,426,019	10,267,300
Limpopo	4,929,368	5,273,637	5,404,868
Mpumalanga	2,800,711	3,122,994	4,039,939
Northern Cape	840,321	822,726	1,145,861
North-West	3,354,825	3,669,350	3,509,953
Western Cape	3,956,875	4,524,335	5,822,734
Totals	40,583,573	44,819,770	51,770,560

Sources: 

1. [1] Suid-Afrikaanse Statistiske / South African Statistics 1995. Central Statistical Service. Pretoria, 1995.
2. [2] Census 2011 Fact Sheet . Statistics South Africa, Pretoria, N/D (retrieved 2014-02-15).
3. [3] Census 2011: Methodology and highlights of key results . Statistics South Africa, Pretoria, 2013 (retrieved 2014-02-15).
4. [4] The Municipal Demarcation Board  website gives areas accurate to .00001 km.², or ten square meters (!) (retrieved 2008-11-17).
5. [5] PtaTshwane Complainants Plea (http://www.vryheidsfront.co.za/a/pretoria/dokumente/PtaTshwaneComplainantsPlea.pdf, dead link, retrieved 2006-01-05).
6. [6] Census 1996 . Statistics South Africa (originally found at http://www.statssa.gov.za/census96/HTML/DEFAULT.HTM, dead link, retrieved 2000-03-09).
7. [7] "Inside the new South Africa," sidebar, U.S. News and World Report, 1994-04-25, pp. 60-61.
8. [8] Fifth United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names. Vol. II. New York: United Nations, 1991.